Cross Cultural Perspectives Essay

The Microsoft Corporation is a fortune 500 organization that positioned # 35 on the fortune 500 rundown in 2013 (Fortune 500, 2013) and is one of the biggest business enterprises on the planet. It was established in 1975 by two folks named Paul Allen and Bill Gates, the business grew quickly as the years passed by and arrived at a marker of 89,000 workers, with an income of $62 billion dollars and had workplaces found everywhere throughout the world (Fortune 500, 2011). From the underlying central command that is held in Albuquerque New Mexico, the Microsoft Company consistently expanded the workplaces held inside the United States and extended that to incorporate in excess of 100 nations abroad. This venture into various nations turned into a test as a result of managing new ways of life, new societies, individuals, and dialects. Legitimate exploration should have been led also the execution of an appropriate working system to help the joining of these new morals and societies into those of the Microsoft Corporation. The landing page of the Microsoft Corporation shares a summed up adaptation of its way of life and says â€Å"We as people and as an organization esteem trustworthiness, uprightness, useful self analysis, transparency, common regard, and ceaseless self improvement† (Microsoft Corporation, 2011). The Microsoft Corporation additionally presents their official duties as a feature of their moral commitment. â€Å"We at the Microsoft Corporation consider ourselves responsible to our investors, clients, representatives, and accomplices, and we do this by regarding our dedication, giving outcomes, and making progress toward the highest caliber possible† (Microsoft Corporation, 2011). When making a move into new societies and nations, it turns out to be significant for representatives old and new to comprehend as well as acknowledge the Microsoft Corporations morals and culture. As we as a whole know Microsoft items are utilized everywhere throughout the world in the two organizations and homes. At the point when they previously settled on the choice to open an office in Lebanon, a larger part of the PCs ran on the Microsoft Windows working framework and the Windows Office program was the most mainstream word preparing and spreadsheet program. Nonetheless, there was an issue and that issue was the way that there was a lot of renditions of this framework that had been pilfered and appropriated in that nation. In a nation where purchasing a five dollar pilfered programming program from a nearby PC store made it somewhat hard as far as persuading a few people that it was exploitative as well as unlawful. This realizes the topic of, â€Å"How is The Microsoft Corporation going to sell legitimate forms of their product when there are pilfered adaptations being disseminated at such a less expensive cost also an absence of government control involved†? Along these lines, Microsoft continued to send letters to these significant associations cautioning them against utilizing this pilfered programming. They likewise offered to visit these organizations so as to direct a site study with the goal that evaluations could be made as far as what programming would fit the organization the best and at what the expense would be. The Microsoft Corporation likewise gave the association that carried on morally and welcomed Microsoft in for the overview evaluation; Microsoft turned around and gave them a generally excellent value bargain on the product. Microsoft additionally acquainted with them an installment office for the organizations that needed to make huge acquisition of the product so as to get licenses for the pilfered programming they previously had set up. Everybody realizes that not all associations and organizations work inside moral limits. Lebanon, much the same as the U. S. , is comparative in the way that it is a maverick culture. In any case, pay off is regular all through this nation. Microsoft has a moral standard that is against these sorts of acts and it is absolutely against their honesty. It was notwithstanding, doubtful to offer these credible duplicates to huge numbers of these organizations without giving these directors some sort of blessing in return. A portion of these associations continued to offer endowments to the Microsoft Corporation’s workers. They consequently were seeking after some kind of uncommon rebate, or an arrangement would not work out. The Microsoft Corporation has a moral commitment to their investors and that commitment is to secure and expand the estimation of the offers. The Microsoft Corporation must have the option to win a said benefit all together for the offer qualities to increment. On a terrible note, Microsoft can't genuinely sell programming duplicates in a nation that has defilement and pay off inside its morals and culture. As indicated by Transparency International â€Å"The straightforwardness in Lebanon positioned 2. 5 out of 10 on the planet in 2010† (Corruption Perception Index 2010 Results, 2010). When contrasting that score with 8. 9 out of 10 in Canada and 7. 1 out of 10 in the United States, the thing that matters is very stunning. Microsoft must have the option to figure out how to adjust their methodology so as to finish up some sort of fruitful business in the nation of Lebanon. As indicated by the course book â€Å"The greatest wellspring of nervousness for businessmen in America who work abroad is the desires for pay-offs and payoffs† (Trevino and Nelson, 2007). At the point when the Microsoft supervisory crew was confronted with pay-offs or contributions so as to offer their product to the associations who where working on pilfered duplicates, they consequently decided to utilize a moral model so as to settle on a choice in respects of picking which game-plan would be ideal to take. The legal frameworks of these nations that have a low straightforwardness, that are like those in Lebanon, are exceptionally feeble. So recording a claim against the organizations that are running the pilfered variants of the Microsoft programming projects would end up being exorbitant, tedious and may wind up yielding no sort of results at long last. Supervisory groups that are confronted with various kinds of moral circumstances can apply various sorts of moral models so as to help aid the procedure of dynamic. On account of paying off an administrator of an association so as to buy programming that is lawful, it is conceivable that they could apply the utilitarianism moral model. By taking a gander at the outcome, it may be anything but difficult to attempt to settle on a choice on whether the workers at the Microsoft Corporation may attempt to pay off a business into buying Microsoft programming that is legitimate. On a positive note, Microsoft offering more programming to associations and organizations that need it or may as of now be utilizing it might help in the decrease of programming being pilfered inside the nation. The offer costs at Microsoft are being kept up by the income and the workers accepting a commission. On the negative side, if a pay off is being paid to a worker or an individual from the business or an association who is buying the Microsoft programming. The Utilitarianism’s moral model shows endorsement of this as a choice that is moral. Having the option to apply distinctive moral models, for example, the deontological model may wind up having diverse completion results. The inquiry that this raises is â€Å"Should all organizations or associations offer some sort of incentive or pay-offs so as to help sell their items? † The response to this normally is, â€Å"no†. Worldwide organizations are confronted with a wide range of difficulties regularly as they venture into various remote associations. Moral difficulties will consistently emerge for an association as they extend. The moral choices made with respect to various business matters can for the most part be explained by applying the diverse moral models that are accessible. There are a lot of apparatuses accessible for taking care of emerging moral issues and they should be utilized so they might be useful in making arrangements. With the dispatch of Microsoft in the nation of Lebanon they have to stand up to these moral issues of pay off so they can enter the market. The Microsoft Corporation must figure out how to adjust their strategies so as to follow the moral measures they have in the nation of Lebanon. References Corruption Perception Index, 2010 outcomes (2010). Straightforwardness International Retrieved August 11, 2013 from https://www. straightforwardness. organization/policy_research/studies Fortune Global 500 (2011) CNN Money, Retrieved August 11, 2013 from https://cash. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011 Microsoft Corporation (2011) About Microsoft, Retrieved August 10, 2013 from https://www. microsoft. com/about/en/us/default. aspx Trevino. L. K and Nelson. K. L (2007) Retrieved August 9, 2013 from Managing Business Ethics (fourth Ed). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

Headspace Organization Cloud Based Solution

Question: Talk about the Headspace Organization Cloud Based Solution. Answer: Presentation The distributed computing is another approach to which the processing assets and administrations are conveyed. Numerous specialists accept the utilization of these assets could help improve the wellbeing administrations, advantage the exploration in wellbeing, just as change the essence of the data innovation of wellbeing. In any case, much the same as any development the distributed computing ought to be assessed before the across the board of its appropriation (Krutz Vines, 2010). The distributed computing involves an on request, self-administration web foundation which empowers the clients to have an entrance to the processing assets at whenever and in wherever. It is another model of conveying of the processing assets. There is no mystery that the social insurance firms have lingered behind particularly in the adjustment of new innovations, with the end goal of reference and data gathering for tolerance when they share their concern (Xu, 2012). The headspace association has endur ed since they don't have a framework set up to record the tale of the psychological sick patient on what is influencing them. The patient re-recount to their accounts to numerous experts before they find support. This association need a cloud based arrangement application to empower them to store basic patient data so proper finding could be given to them. The utilization of the modernized IT framework redesign their paper based work processes and will give a simplicity to deal with each case proficiently in the headspace association (Rodrigues, de la Torre, Fernndez Lpez-Coronado, 2013). The point of the report is to give a handy reference of a cloud base answer for their concern to empower them to dissect and think about the best game-plan for the psychological sickness of the patient and thusly decrease on the quantity of self destruction cases in territorial NSW for the age bunches somewhere in the range of sixteen and twenty four years. The paper will incorporate the non-utilit arian necessities of the applications, for example, basic framework characteristics, the framework interfaces, the UI prerequisites, and the framework limitations. The reference of the application is the utilization of FURPS + to guarantee that the parts, for example, convenience, dependability, execution and the security are completely secured. Moreover, it is imperative to audit the points of interest and the inconveniences of the cloud subordinate arrangements taking into the consideration nature to which the arrangement could be coordinated. At long last, it may take a gander at the SDLC technique upsides and downsides of the undertaking using the Predictive SDLC and Adaptive SDLC. Headspace organization need to apply the mHealth versatile application, which uses web alongside arrangements so as to enhance the entrance, proficiency, adequacy and nature of the clinical just as the venture systems that may be utilized by the social insurance experts. This truly is to ensure there is absolutely upgraded wellbeing status of the patients (Rodrigues, de la Torre, Fernndez Lpez-Coronado, 2013). The use of the down to earth application could help the conveyance of the data of the patients, the flexibly of the wellbeing information administrations; it might help the assistance of the interface between the suppliers and patients. Different highlights of the framework could be assistance of the joining of the human services business forms and the detached access of the medicinal services data (Talia, 2013). The third era gadgets empower the application, which takes into account the assortment, the administration just as the handling of the information of the patient. The portable wellbeing administrations ranges from recording of the clinical indication of the patients and it simultaneous correspondence to the wellbeing experts through the versatile interchanges to the programmed analysis of the data recorded to individual sensors just as the caution sees in the even t that the patients has a crisis. Non-utilitarian prerequisites of the applications The non-practical necessities are the quality traits, the plan usage imperatives just as the outside interface that an items ought to be required to have. The qquality characteristics is the general components, which impact the run time frame conduct, the model of the program and the end client experience. It imply on the districts of the issue that have the chance of the product broad effect across levels and levels (Ryan, 2013). The extension to which the application may have the favored blend of the nature of the highlights for instance the ease of use , the general execution , trustworthiness , alongside the security that should show the accomplishment of the structure and by and large nature of the product . In cloud, processing the framework interface is the mutual limit across different parts, for example, the PC framework trade data. The trade could be between the product, fringe gadgets and the people UI necessities The UI necessity for the framework will show all the items, which can be arranged. They can without much of a stretch select on the items to arrange (Padhy, Patra Satapathy, 2012). Also, the framework will permit the clients to have the option to refresh the setup so as to have the option to determine any present arrangement. It will be an easy to understand interface to the clients, which will tell the client about any contention to the present design. The practical necessity of this new framework determine to what the proposed framework will embrace. The imperatives will features how the framework will work just as how it will be assembled. The ordinary hour of activity for the framework will be 24 hours out of every day since it is cloud-based arrangement (Padhy, Patra Satapathy, 2012). The framework won't have multiple cases every long stretch of the six minutes blackouts, and close to three occurrences for every time of over one hour of blackout. This is the most extreme satisfactory recurrence of the unscheduled time of the inaccessibility. The convenience involves how the application will meets on the prerequisites of the clients just as the customer by being instinctive, acceptable access for the incapacitated clients and the consequence of in general clients experience. The program will be conveyed ease of use review so as to distinguish the issues in UI plan which will be assessed and make suggestion to fix them (Kuo, 2011). The framework won't have resistance to the hang facing mistakes, the postponements, and the unforeseen conduct (Ryan, 2013). There will be a direction for the revision of the blunders just as producing updates. The framework will have straightforward and common exchange, and communicate in the language of the client to empower ease utilization of the application. Furthermore, it will have obviously stamped exits, alternate ways just as exact and helpful blunder message. This involves the capacity of the framework to have the option to deal with the expanded in the heap without really influencing the presentation of the framework or maybe the capacity to be promptly augmented. The noteworthiness of the dependability of any cloud-based application is education of life and demise perspective (Ryan, 2013). The medicinal services suppliers ought to have the option to have an entrance to the patient information also choice help from different experts. The application to improve on its dependability it will be facilitated on the private cloud foundation, which the association will have the authority over. They can have the option to anticipate of its personal time or maybe the blackouts that happen more regularly than it would. The product dependability prerequisites takes the structure that the product won't have close to the x bugs. The bebugging procedure will be founded on the Monte Carlo method for the measurable investigation of the occasion that is arbitrary. Prior to testing the product, a known number of bugs are embedded furtively and a gauge of the bugs in the framework is finished. The framework will be operational additional time and it would not neglect to play out its planned capacities over a given time interim. The presentation will take a gander at the sign of the responsiveness of the framework so as to execute activity that are inside the time interim. It has been estimated through inertness, which alludes to the time taken to react to the occasions. This framework is a cloud-based arrangement, which will rely upon the web so as to convey data all the more rapidly just as dependably. Regardless, the web was not intended to give a level of the unwavering quality and the presentation as required by many assistance understandings. To improve on the exhibition the conveyance stages will interface with the application to the end clients so as to streamline to the start to finish conveyance subsequently guaranteeing a lot of understanding to all the clients in any case to where they are found or maybe the gadget they are utilizing. The information security is the top most worry for headspace association. The clinical information is exceptionally significant to any association. In the improvement of the application, this has been mulled over to guarantee the data of the patient isn't undermined or taken by the programmers. The application has an encoding to all the touchy information. It has been introduced a secret phrase, with a unique mark check that is reviewed after consistently. The necessity for the protection just as security of the framework apply to the remote server farms, through the transmission of the information between the remote information and to the end clients. The client of this cloud-based application can improve the part of security just as protection of the customer information. The framework has been created to ingest enormous digital assault without affecting on the exhibition of the application. Coming up next are the geniuses of the cloud-based arrangements. One of the quality is the cost decrease. The utilization of distributed computing arrangements takes out different ordinary of costs, for example, paper work, equipment, just as the data costs. Besides, advantage is that versatility, an organizatio

How to Stop Taking SSRI Antidepressants Safely

How to Stop Taking SSRI Antidepressants Safely Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print How to Stop Taking SSRI Antidepressants Safely By Paula Connell Updated on May 14, 2019 ZhangXun / Moment / Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis So ... you are using a short-acting SSRI medication. You have to discontinue it or titrate it down, you tend to be very sensitive to the effects of medication withdrawal, and you want to know what to do to head off SSRI discontinuation syndrome? First, ask your doctor if a special dose is available for the specific purpose of weaning down. Some pharmaceutical companies are now manufacturing and offering them in sample form to doctors. Ask. If such a dose is not available, the main thing to remember is that you want to try and wean down very slowlyâ€"usually in half the increments that your doctor would normally suggest for the weaning process in most people. If you have tablets, and the insert doesnt indicate that splitting or crushing is taboo, you can split them (a pill splitter helps, a couple of bucks at the pharmacy). ALWAYS check the insert or a drug monograph first to make sure you can split them. This makes it pretty easy to halve the original titration recommendation and take each step down for a week. If you have capsules, you have a different type of problem ... you obviously cant open them and take the contents raw ... but you can still taper off. Buy some empty gel caps (very cheap - a couple of bucks for a hundred). Take a single 24-hour dosage and set it aside. Open your capsules and redistribute the medication into the empty gel caps to spread the total 24-hour dosage into smaller increments. Rub each capsule prior to storing with a dry cloth to get any of the medication off of the outside of the capsule. There is a little tool that can help you with this if you have pain in your hands or motor problems. You then set a 24-hour dosage amount aside, and gradually reduce it, using each amount for a week. I had great success using this method when titrating down from Paxil, one of the most notorious drugs for causing SSRI Discontinuation Syndrome. My doctor refused to acknowledge the discontinuation problem and couldnt seem to give me any helpful suggestions for reducing the discomfort. So I did it this way, and the effects were much more tolerable. The main thing is that the brains production of acetylcholine is not interrupted. One of the simplest things you can do to prevent this in addition to ultra-slow titration is to add supplements: in particular, choline, lecithin, and B complex. The B vitamins will help sustain your brains current levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (the depletion of which is the cause of discontinuation syndrome). You should also use choline supplements or lecithin supplements (which are 13 percent choline) to help increase the level of available choline that the brain uses to make acetylcholine while the titration or discontinuation is happening. Dietary changes (temporary if you wish until after the med is weaned) can also be made. Lecithin and choline can be found in a wide variety of foods, but many of the richest sources are foods also high in cholesterol and fat. Egg yolks are one of the best dietary sources of lecithin/choline. Other excellent sources of dietary choline are beef steak, liver, organ meat, spinach, soybeans, cauliflower, wheat germ, peanuts, and brewers yeast. Discontinuation symptoms are not restricted to the SSRIs, as many of you here can attest. Many drugs that act on the central nervous system can cause discontinuation syndrome symptoms: monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants, antiparkinsonian agents, traditional antipsychotics, and clozapine. Some people have a condition known as rebound, which occurs with the consumption of short-acting medications (an agitated state of emotion that occurs at the end of the dosage cycle and lasts for 15 or 20 minutes, then disappears). The dietary modifications are helpful for this problem. Its good to know that the psychiatric professional community recognizes this phenomenon as valid. Although the symptoms are varied  and are both physical and psychological, a characteristic SSRI discontinuation syndrome is now recognized.

Personal Statement Emotional Intelligence - 965 Words

In life you make choices. We choose to go in or out. We choose to get up or stay in bed. We choose to live or die. The choices you make can effect your life forever. No pressure right? Sometimes you can make the wrong choice. If this happens, it is your choice to learn from it, or keeping making the same mistake. An important aspect of life is being able to understand how someone is feeling. This is called emotional intelligence. When we understand our emotions and others. Being able to relate to people is a big job. We have to choose whether to try and put ourselves in the other persons shoes, or only see from our own perspective. This choice can determine if you are seeing the world in a selfish way or a beneficial way. Some things in life can be difficult. We are put under an extreme amount of pressure every day with being successful. An obstacle in my life that I will always remember is being Colonel of my Drill Team my senior year in high school. Since my freshman year my direct or had her eye on me. She could sense my ambition, determination, and maturity. The pressure was on the day I tried out. Then came the day of officially becoming colonel. This was a huge achievement for me considering I wasn t sure if I was healthy enough to take this on. I knew this was a huge responsibility and I had a lot to face. My director had very high expectations for me from the very start. Things were rough for awhile. I was learning and my director was helping. We had a hardShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Emotional Intelligence1100 Words   |  5 Pagesreflection I will discuss my skills built through the learning of Emotional Intelligence throughout the unit. I will be discussing Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence theory that we have learnt as well as other practical ways of testing Emotional Intelligence. 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Essay on breastfeed or bottle-feed - 1116 Words

Is the mom going to breastfeed or bottle-feed? I must tell you that breast milk is usually best for your baby. -Each mother’s breast milk is made especially for their own newborn. It contains all the Vit., Min. amp; iron that your baby needs( where as bottle milk has as little as 5-10% of all vit., min., amp; iron that are used by your baby.) Breast milk also continues to chg. as your baby grows to meet the changing needs of your infant, no formula is capable of such a chg. Breast milk contains protecting agents to help insure your baby’s health, these agents (WBC’s and immunoglobins) help fight DZ and INF. Advantages of Breastfeeding (Disadvantages to bottle feeding): 1)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;promotes bonding between mom and†¦show more content†¦This is just a few advantages of breastfeeding Disadvantages of Breastfeeding (Advantages of Bottle feeding): 1)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Some mom’s feel tied down by the constant demands of a nursing newborn. Breastfeeding requires a substantial commitment by mom (many moms have to go right back work or separate from their babies from time to time for other reasons) In these cases a breast pump can be rented or purchased to collect breast milk so others (dad) may help feed the baby. Some moms choose to breastfeed most of the time and use bottle feeding other times. When bottle feeding, mom’s can resume a â€Å"normal† life sooner. You can dress as you please (nursing moms need to wear clothes to accommodate a nursing baby) When bottle feeding there are no restrictions to birth control methods, you don’t have to watch you diet as closely, and you can have a few drinks and take aspirin without worrying 2)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With breastfeeding, dads cannot participate until the 2nd to 4th week when breast milk has been established. Then dad may help out by giving the baby pumped breast milk. 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Artis, that the broad promotion of breastfeeding has the potential to unfairly stigmatize women who do not breastfeed while overstating the benefit. Reasons why I agree with Julie E. Artis because mothers should not be stigmatize, because they chose to not to breastfeed. I feel as thoughRead MoreBreastfeeding VS Formula Bottle-feeding Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesBreastfeeding vs. Formula Bottle-feeding Every mother of a newborn baby must make a very personal decision when it comes to how they are going to feed their infant. I was faced with that decision 3 years ago when I had my first son who I named Ethen. It was one of the very hardest decisions I had to make. I had to consider all the good benefits of breast feeding as well as the benefits of formula bottle-feeding, but the good benefits of breastfeeding outnumbered the bottle feeding ones. 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This campaign assumes that women, especially in developed countries, who bottle feed their child are â€Å"uneducated on infant health, childcare and child rearing and as lacking agency and empowerment.† (573) However, in most cases women have very valid reasons for not breastfeeding their child that has nothing to do with their â€Å"lack† of education but numerous interrelated factors that cold make it impossible to breastfeed their child, leavingRead MoreIs Breast The Best When You Know About Breast?1672 Words   |  7 Pagesis more inclined as a child to eat vegetables, as well as a variety of other foods; cow s milk was made to grow baby cows and human milk is designed exactly to grow baby humans; breastfed infants are more in control of how much they eat than are bottle fed infants and are less likely to be overfed and are therefore more likely to develop healthy eating habits when older; breastmilk is always ready, warm, available, and sanitary; breastfeeding helps guard babies against some childhood cancers likeRead MoreThe Benefits Of Breastfeeding For Mothers875 Words   |  4 Pagesfeeding methods depending on the situation. 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Doctors tell breastfeeding mothers to breast feed their baby until it is up to 2 years of age. The benefitsRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of Midwives of Women Who Choose to Bottle Feed1013 Words   |  5 Pagesto bottle fed becomes a ethical dilemma for midwives In this essay, we will be discuss the ethical dilemma, which midwives have to deal with, when a woman choose to bottle-feed their babies, who do not have any medical requirement not to breastfeed. In addition, why bottle-feeding their babies is the women choice. Why breast-feeding is, better for mother and baby than bottle-feeding. Women who choose to bottle-feed. Woman who choose to bottle-feed their babies, can decide why they bottle-feedRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Breast Feeding vs Bottle Feeding964 Words   |  4 Pagespregnancy; however, the decision on whether to breastfeed or formula feed an infant seems to be one of the more crucial decisions. Moms new to nursing a baby need all the information that they can get in order to help choose which method of feeding is more suitable, because every mother wants what is best for their child. Unlike formula feeding, the benefits of breastfeeding are substantial for both mother and baby. Moreover, choosing to breastfeed will lead to brighter, happier, and healthier lives

The Influence of Western Cowboys in America Free Essays

Have you ever seen a typical American Western Movie? If so, I think it’s not difficult to form an image of western cowboys in your mind. Then what do they look like? A boy, wearing felt hat and riding boots with dagger and handgun on the waist, press his two legs powerful which makes the horse speed away. In a word, west cowboys are the heroes on horsebacks. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Western Cowboys in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of the lifestyle and behaviors of them, western cowboys have become a sign of liberty, bravery and adventuresome. From the old cowboys make influences on American culture gradually which can be seen from not only work of art but also their paraphernalia and ideas on values. Apart from movies, songs and poetry are also vivid in describing their feelings and life. According to Harold Braverman in his article published on VOA, they just sang these songs as they rode on the saddles of their horses across the cattle lands which were very close to them. ( At that time, they fought against the deserted area and silence with the beautiful tunes and words. As Thin Lizzy sang in the song â€Å"Cowboy Song† in Live And Dangerous, â€Å"Riding in the rodeo /Roll me over and set me free†. This could explain why they are so fascinated by the riding life—they are longing for liberty, of course. Their riding with their free thinking in the wind gradually becomes a symbol which roots in American dreams about freedom. A noose, cowboy towels, clothes, cowboy hat, cowboy boots–modern cowboy costume hasn’t much difference from that in movies. Because everything has its existence value rather than is just decoration. For example, the noose is the most useful tool to control the herd. Once some cattle rush out the queue, cowboys use it to catch them which show their power and technique. The bandanna called cowboy towels is multipurpose which protect cowboys from sunburn, dust and chilliness. What’s more, the tall cowboy boots decorated with colorful leathers and spurs make it more efficient while working from horseback. I think it’s the rough and sharp surfaces that stimulate the horse to toe the line. Anyway, the wonderful images make a deep impression on ordinary people with the enthusiasm to catch the fashion dressing. To some extent, it also teaches people focus on the homemade or handwork without expensive materials. In the eyes of who advocate nature, these primary things can be just suitable. West cowboys are a group of people from all over the world who are looking for opportunities to become heroes. Most of them came from Mexico and South of America, where are close to the western America, but also are those from Nevada in Australia. To be a real cowboy, gift and acquired hard work are both required. Of course, tenacity is indispensable to a cowboy which contains too much meaning. First, he lives and accompanies with the herd. So they have self respect and show respects to the cattle at the same time for a better harmonious life. In Philip Ashton Rollins’s book The Cowboy: His Characteristics, His Equipment, and His Part in the development of the west, he mentioned that university of courage was an earmark of the cowboy’s trade. In fact, they face with the danger not only from the animals but also from the climate with Nature itself. They always stand hot, dusty, freezing weather conditions, the hard work and even damage deeply from inner alone. Most of the cowboys don’t seek fame or fortune, instead of their understanding and love of life. The cowboys have strong sense of justice, regard as a man of courage and daring, and stick to their own standards about rituals, laws and institutions outside. They are alone with the preference about the primitive life to modern urban life. But who really understand cowboy, understand their deep loneliness and magnificent? Understand they face west, grassland, herds of simple sentiment and ambitions? Perhaps, crowded cities in disgust and busy modern, more is the vast field and freedom. As traffic developed, arrived at the beginning of the 21st century, cowboy era finished. With the spread of the American culture, the cowboy culture with literature, film image, cowboy clothing, language, and the unique ballads, entertainment and so on influenced the whole world. Cowboys, with historical development and legend, become the important content of American culture, inspiring generations of America. Legend continues. How to cite The Influence of Western Cowboys in America, Papers

Early Years Education Food Standards Act 1999

Question: Describe about the Early Years Education for Food Standards Act 1999. Answer: Explanation of healthy eating The term healthy eating means those foods that provide enough nutrients so that good health and energy can be maintained. Guenther et al. (2013) also defines that healthy eating can be maintained by eating right types of food, recommended amount of food and in a hygienic manner so that body will be beneficiated. All the food must have to be satisfying The Food Standards Act 1999 (Food.gov.uk 2016). Healthy eating for children in their early years according to EYFS According to the Early Years Foundation Stage(EYFS), it is important to provide balanced and nutritious food that helps them for their intellectual and physical development (Gov.uk 2014). This is a statutory framework to deliver quality early education on healthy food. This organization emphasizes more on the children of age five or less. Children should eat wide variety of food for getting sufficient calories, protein, vitamins and minerals that is required for their physical development. Premium quality of the food must have to be provided especially dairy provided to get calcium, vitamin A and B12 Their menu must have to be planned according to their growth needs, so their development can be evaluated from their growing age Children should also know the importance of the good and healthy food and food hygiene for their heath. Positive and welcoming eating environment so that children will feel encouraged to eat and know good eating habits Provision of Safer Food Better Business packets to children to maintain a standard in their meal Current national and local initiatives, which promote healthy eating UK government takes initiatives for promoting various Television Advertisements regarding healthier eating habits. These Government programs include National Child Measurement Programme and public awareness campaigns like Be Food Smart campaign that is associated with the function of offering better health services for children (Gov.uk 2013). Moreover, food should be provided by registered organization like Ofsted or the childminder agency for any kind of food poisoning and adversities. Mandatory food and drinks- Cereals, bread and carbohydrates like potatoes. Moreover, they should also consume green vegetables and fresh fruits. In addition to that, milk, cheese and yogurt so that the immune system can be well performed. Protein ingredients like meat, fish and alternatives like poultry eggs are also recommended for better health. Local initiatives like online campaigns and fan pages likeChange4Life where healthy recipes are provided by other people that include stir fry recipes that are not only ideal for daily menus, but they also consume less harmful ingredients like oil and sugar. More amounts of sugary foods and fats and oils must be avoided as these food results in adverse result like obesity and tooth decay, which may diminishes their appropriate health growth. Thus, these foods must have to be avoided. Moreover, individual initiatives as Jamie Olivers Kitchen Garden Project is liable for empowering primary school teachersfor good health of school children and they already have an online community of over 580 primary schools (Kitchen Garden Project 2016). Some other local initiatives associated with similar objective are Countryside Classroom, Childrens Food Trust and Food For Life. Fulfillment of the delivery requirements Criteria maintained National Child Measurement Program Be Food Smart campaign Change4Life Jamie Olivers Kitchen Garden Project Promotion of healthy food habits This organization is liable for promoting good health among family members so that more children can know about the good food habits They offer nutrition education actions to influence consumer awareness and attitudes for healthy eating Based on real life experience, several mother and nutritionists post their experience for good food habits This project empowers every local school to grow fresh cereals and promote the knowledge and confidence to cook for positive eating habits. Offering knowledge on good food menu They provide knowledge of good food menu Education in specific settings, Public Awareness and Skills Training, knowledge on diabetes Aware people for good food menu and taken the initiative like TV advertising break during Coronation Street Offers knowledge on the good food menu and serves an area of high deprivation. Emphasizes more on developing generation Focus more on the growing generation from 0-5years All age group Emphasize on children and every age group Focused on primary school children Table 1: Delivery Requirements of the national and local initiative for promoting food habits (Source: Created by Author) Directory of healthy eating programs and initiatives Healthy eating support centres Telephone Numbers Email/Website Addresses Jamie Olivers Kitchen Garden Project 0117 314 5180 https://www.jamieskitchengarden.org/ Not Available Childrens Food Trust 0114 2996901 https://www.childrensfoodtrust.org.uk/ The Childrens Food Trust, 3rd Floor, 1 East Parade, Sheffield S1 2ET Countryside Classroom 0845 838 7192 https://www.countrysideclassroom.org.uk/ Countryside Classroom, Arthur Rank Centre Stoneleigh Park Warwickshire, CV8 2LG Food For Life 0117 314 5180 https://www.foodforlife.org.uk/ ffl@foodforlife.org.uk Food for Life c/o Soil Association South Plaza Marlborough Street Bristol BS1 3NX Table 2: Directory of healthy eating programs and initiatives (Source: Created by Author) Reference List Food.gov.uk. (2016).Regulation and legislation | Food Standards Agency. [online] Available at: https://www.food.gov.uk/enforcement/regulation [Accessed 2 Nov. 2016]. Gov.uk., 2013.Be Food Smart campaign launches - News stories - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/be-food-smart-campaign-launches [Accessed 17 Oct. 2016]. Gov.uk., 2014.Early years (under 5s) foundation stage framework (EYFS) - Publications - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/early-years-foundation-stage-framework--2 [Accessed 17 Oct. 2016]. Guenther, P.M., Casavale, K.O., Reedy, J., Kirkpatrick, S.I., Hiza, H.A., Kuczynski, K.J., Kahle, L.L. and Krebs-Smith, S.M., 2013. Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2010.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,113(4), pp.569-580. Kitchen Garden Project., 2016.The Kitchen Garden Project | Teaching Children About Food. [online] Available at: https://www.jamieskitchengarden.org/ [Accessed 17 Oct. 2016].

The Nature of Scientific Progress essays

The Nature of Scientific Progress essays Physicist and Nobel laureate W.L. Bragg once compared science to a coral reef, pointing out how the living organisms at the surface produce the growth of the reef on top of tens of hundreds of feet of skeletons of organisms that have long since died. The life of the reef is only at its surface; the life of science is only at its frontier. The main idea of this analogy is that present science is not created out of thin air, but rather, was a product of many years of research and development. This idea in itself implies that there is progress in science. Scientific methodologies as well as science as an institution have been developed in such a way to allow for growth and improvement. Like the growth of the reef, is a process of building upon the foundation created by our ancestors. It is a common misconception that science progresses when a correct theory replaces a wrong one. The process is better described as the replacement of a wrong theory with a less wrong theory. However, before even beginning to understand how this can happen, one must examine the criterion that is used to judge a correct theory from an incorrect one. Determining whether a theory is true or false is a never-ending process; that is, a theory can never be conclusively falsified or proven to be the absolutely true. A theory is usually accepted as valid when it is proven by numerous experimental tests and there is no other theory that explains the phenomena better. The more tests that back up the theory the more confidence is placed in its truth. However, one can never be certain that there will not come a time in the future where a test will show that the theory does not apply in all cases. Newtons laws of motion, for example, were proved by every possible experiment for almost 250 yea rs. The confidence in the theory was so high that it was hard to imagine that it was not the absolute truth. In the late nineteenth century, ho...

The 4 Best AP Psychology Books Full Expert Reviews

The 4 Best AP Psychology Books Full Expert Reviews SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There are many AP Psychology books that claim to be the best review tool for students; however, they aren't all telling the truth. Some review books might be better for you based on what type of student you are or the amount of guidance you need in your studying. In this article, I'll give you a list of the best AP Psychology textbooks and review books so you can find the one that will help you get your very best score on the AP Psychology exam. What's the Criteria for a Great AP Psychology Book? Before I list the best books for AP Psychology, here's a little information about what constitutes a good AP review book. First, you'll want to look at the organization of the book to see whether it's well-aligned with the AP curriculum. Content is extremely important, and an AP review book that has too much or too little information will put you at a big disadvantage. For the books on this list, I checked to see whether they included high-quality diagrams and whether their writing style made it easy for readers to understand complex concepts. I considered it a positive when a book had sections dealing with general test-taking strategies and instructions for creating a study plan, which are both great tools for students who need more guidance. Things such as diagnostic tests and instructions on how to use AP practice tests effectively were pluses, too. The quality of practice tests and questions is also very important. An AP review book can be well written and have all the content you need. But if its practice tests aren't challenging enough, you might be in for a nasty surprise on the real AP exam. Easy AP practice tests can cause you to overlook weak areas that would have been evident if the questions were more difficult. If you're unable to physically flip through these AP Psychology books before you buy them, looking at online reviews can be helpful. You'll get to see feedback from students who actually used the book and learn how successful (or unsuccessful) they were in meeting their score goals for the AP test. Although all the AP Psychology books listed in this article represent the latest editions, consulting reviews of past versions and feedback provided by teachers can give you a feel for the quality of a particular book. You've got the right idea, silhouette lady! Never settle for less! The Best AP Psychology Books Before we get to the list, I'll give you several types of AP Psychology books so that you can decide which one(s) to get based on your ability level and needs as a student. This guide mainly contains information on different review books because most students already have an AP Psychology textbook and are primarily looking for supplementary materials to help them prepare for the exam. Here's a list of each "best book" category I'll be covering: Best AP Psychology Textbook: This is a book many students can use as a basic reference for info on psychology topics. I've included it for the benefit of students who are self-studying for the AP Psychology test and who do not have a school-provided psychology textbook. Best AP Psychology Review Book for Any Student: This is a review book that will be useful for students at any skill level (high- or low-scoring). Best AP Psychology Review Book for High-Scoring Students: This is AP Psych prep book offers in-depth information, challenging practice materials, and a more hands-off approach to prep. Best AP Psychology Review Book for Low-Scoring Students: This is a prep book for students who might have had a bit of difficulty understanding the material in their AP Psychology class and need more guidance during the review process. The Best AP Psychology Textbook: Myers' Psychology for AP, Second Edition Cost: $150 for print, $110 for digital Myers is consistently the most popular AP Psychology textbook, mainly because it’s one of the only books that is written specifically for the AP class. It’s a well-organized book, and although it can be a little wordy at times, it has excellent diagrams and is overall a great resource for an in-depth review of the AP material. Pros The sections of the book correspond to topic areas that will show up on the AP Psychology test, so it’s easy to use for studying. It includes multiple-choice AP practice questions and questions that summarize the main concepts at the end of each unit so you can test your knowledge. There are lots of helpful diagrams and tables, and key terms are bolded and defined on the side of each page, so you don’t have to search through the text to pick out definitions. There's a timeline of psychology milestones in the back of the book to help you get a better grasp on when different discoveries happened. Cons The book is written at a high level (although it does have a bit of a conversational tone), so it might be difficult for less-prepared students to grasp some of the concepts right away. It's super expensive! However, you might be able to save a little money by renting it instead of buying it. Who Should Use This Book This book covers all the curriculum that will appear on the test, and it includes a wealth of helpful review materials. You might want to buy this AP Psychology textbook if you are studying for the test on your own (not taking an actual AP Psychology class) and want a more detailed source of information. You could also consider getting it if you hate the book you're using in class and feel that you would benefit from a different textbook. Best AP Psychology Review Book for Any Student: 5 Steps to a 5: AP Psychology 2019 Edition Cost: $12 for print, $10 for digital The titular five steps included in this AP Psychology book are helpful for planning out your prep responsibly. One big caveat, though, is that you should supplement the practice tests in this book with other official AP practice tests to ensure you’re on track. Pros This book includes a clear, helpful introduction that answers any questions you might have about the AP Psychology exam such as scoring, format, content, and what you’ll need to bring on test day. There's a useful guide that tells you how long you should prep for the exam based on your personality and study habits. It then maps out detailed study plans for three different types of students. It gives you helpful tips on how to approach each type of question on the AP Psych test. Each chapter includes key concepts at the beginning and a "rapid review" section at the end that has a list of key terms and definitions. Content chapters thoroughly cover all the material on the AP Psychology test. The writing style is easy to follow and is organized in a way that breaks things down into easily digestible parts. Two practice exams are included at the end, along with an initial diagnostic test to assess your strengths and weaknesses. You can also access three additional practice tests online. Cons The practice questions seem a bit easier than real AP Psychology questions. The guide on how to approach questions could be less wordy, and it doesn’t go into detail about using the process of elimination for multiple-choice questions, which is an important strategy to include. Ultimately, learning to effectively eliminate wrong answers is one of the best ways to improve your score! Who Should Use This Book If you think you might need more guidance in your studying or are self-studying the course, 5 Steps to a 5 is probably a good book for you. It’s written logically and simply, and it does a great job of answering many of the questions students have about how to review for AP Psychology and what the test is like in general. Best AP Psychology Review Book for High-Scoring Students: Barron’s AP Psychology, 8th Edition Cost: $15 for print, $13 for digital Barron’s AP Psychology is a thorough and helpful guide for students studying for the AP Psych test. However, this isn't the best choice if you’re looking for a way to review quickly. Avoid this resource if you’re easily bored by the dry textbook style of writing. Barron’s is not lacking in good content, but it could be more exciting, and you’ll have to do a lot of the legwork in review sessions. Pros This book includes a diagnostic test and a "Multiple Choice Error Analysis" sheet to help you understand your strengths and weaknesses. There are two full-length practice exams at the end of the book. You also get three more full-length tests, which are accessible online. The structure mirrors the format of the exam and follows the AP curriculum exactly (based on the percentages of questions in different topic areas that will show up on the test). There's a list of important terms and people at the beginning of every chapter (and in italics within the text so you can easily pick up on them). It includes a list of the most important psychologists you need to know (the â€Å"Fabulous 15†) so that you can focus on a few people more closely rather than trying to memorize a million different names. There are multiple-choice questions and answer explanations at the end of each chapter to quiz you on the material you've learned. Chapters 15 and 16 focus on test-taking tips for multiple-choice and free-response questions, so you’ll have strategies as well as content knowledge. Helpful tips in the margins of each chapter point out important things to remember and problems that students commonly have with certain terms and concepts. Cons This book is written essentially in textbook format; there are long paragraphs, there aren't that many diagrams, and the writing can be pretty scientific. There’s no glossary, so you have to pick out the definitions of terms yourself in each chapter. The style overall isn’t as fun as some other review books. Barron’s doesn’t try as hard to relate to you and just sticks to the information you need to know- which I respect, but it can be kind of boring. Who Should Use This Book This book is best for those who have a long time to dedicate to studying for the AP Psychology test. You'll need to use it over a longer period of time in order to be able to take full advantage of the diagnostic and practice tests and become familiar with each topic area. If you decide to use Barron's, get it well before the AP test and use it as a continuous review tool. You should also make sure that you’re motivated enough to take charge of your review time and study from a book that doesn’t try that hard to keep you engaged in the material. Best AP Psychology Review Book for Low-Scoring Students: Cracking the AP Psychology Exam, 2018 Edition Cost: $13 for print, $5 for digital This is the best book for learning test-taking strategies for the AP Psych test. The content is high quality as well, but it’s not as easy to study from if you don’t have much time on your hands. Pros It includes a step-by-step guide for how to organize your AP Psychology studying. There's a list of other resources you can use to supplement your review. It includes smart test-taking tips and strategies for multiple-choice and free-response questions. The book uses a conversational, relatable style of writing. Chapters that go over content are diagram-heavy, and they provide clear definitions of key terms throughout. Cons The instructions on designing a study plan are a little vague. It's hard to use this book as a quick study guide as it doesn’t have a centralized source for definitions of terms and concepts. You'd need to read it through completely to be able to get a handle on all the information. Who Should Use This Book This book is a smart choice if you have a fair amount of time before the AP Psychology test and would like some rough guidance on structuring your studying. It’s also great for students who get easily bored by textbooks and their dull writing style- it's definitely one of the more engaging review books I’ve seen! Which AP Psychology Books Are Best for You? Which Books Should You Avoid? If you think you’ll need a lot of guidance in your AP Psych studying (or if you’re working through the class independently), don’t choose a prep book that’s pure information and doesn't offer any planning or test-taking tips. I’d recommend using either 5 Steps to a 5 or Cracking the AP Psychology Exam, along with the Myers textbook (or whichever textbook your AP Psychology class is using). Barron’s is also a decent choice, but make sure that you’re willing to put a little more work into the review process. A book that provides more structure will be helpful even for the most driven students, especially if you’re not taking an actual AP Psychology class. If you choose to buy a book that’s not on this list, keep an eye out for any red flags. Compare the practice questions in the book with official AP Psychology questions to ensure they’re not unrealistically easy or hard. After taking and scoring a practice test from the review book, take an official AP practice test to check that your other score was realistic. I recommend the four AP Psychology books in this article because they’re all well organized and easy to follow. Even if another review book contains all the same info, the way it’s presented might make your studying less productive. Ultimately, if you feel you’re not getting anything out of an AP Psychology prep book and your AP Psych test scores don’t seem to be improving, you might need to try another one with a different format! Keep an eye out for red flags. You don't want to get stuck with a Canadian review book. Or maybe you do. Would it come with complimentary maple syrup? What's Next? Still shaky on a few AP Psych terms? Bolster your knowledge with articles like this one, which goes over what Stockholm Syndrome is and whether or not it's real. What does it really mean if you get a 5 on an AP exam? Find out how AP credit works for college classes. If you're still trying to plan your AP class schedule, use this guide to make an informed decision about which AP classes you should take. Also taking AP US History? Check out our reviews for the best AP US History textbooks. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Applying Research assessment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Applying Research assessment 2 - Essay Example This report deals with the research methodology of an article named â€Å"Blowing The Whistle on Police Violence† written by Louise Westmarland which was published in British Journal on Criminology in 2001. â€Å"This article highlights a number of issues related to the witnessing of ‘illegal’ police violence by researchers† (Westmarland, 2001). The researcher focuses on a very sensitive issue i.e. the violence committed by police. The main purpose behind this research was to make the general population including the higher authority aware of the violence propagated by police so that a mass awareness can be developed against it. This article uses the ethnology study to reason out the factors for these types of violence. It unfolds many facts regarding the various degree of violence. This report will discuss the research methodology applied by the researcher and the extent to which this methodology is feasible for this subject. The validity of the outcome of this research will undergo various critical studies and suitable recommendation will be discussed and analysed. Westmarland in his article has identified the specific behaviour of police that lead to violence in society. This research can be termed as the outcome of the ethnographic research. The researcher has devoted a considerable amount of time to study the police violence through the ethnological study. Westmarland has himself been a first hand witness to various situations as a fieldworker and therefore have seen the situation more clearly. The fieldworkers are appointed to observe the real life violence committed by police. To analyse the qualitative aspects like human behaviours the ethnographic research plays a very significant role. â€Å"One primary difference between ethnography as science and other social and behaviour science methods of investigating is that ethnography assumes that we must first discover what people actually do and the reasons they give for doing it before

Corporate Ethics and Governance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Ethics and Governance - Case Study Example Greenpeace has alleged that the soybean producers have not adhered to the environmental requirements that 80 percent of the rainforest area should be kept in their natural format. This act can be considered as a violation of the legal provisions. Another complaint by Greenpeace is that there is an increasing incidence of 'bonded-labour' in the region by using a debt-bondage. The poorly paid workers are lured by the ranchers and are bound under "conditions analogous to slavery". It may be noted that in the year 2005 there were 4133 slaves who were freed from bonded-labour. It may be noted that Amazon is the most diverse expanse of intact forest in the world and that already 15 to 20 percent of the total area of 4.1 million square kilometers of forest are already destroyed. It is also feared that further areas would be put to danger by the change in the climate. According to the libertarian theory, the role of the government is paramount in protecting the life, liberty, and property of citizens against any interference by the fellow citizens. Any rational person in order to ensure this protection out of self interest would join hands with fellow citizens for securing this protection. In fact the quality of rational self interest compels a person to join any association which has as its purpose securing the protection of life, liberty, and property. "In a few words, they believe that individual freedom is the fundamental value that must underlie all social relations, economic exchanges and the political system." (Martin Masse) Considering the principles evolved in the libertarian theory, the action of Greenpeace in opposing to the action of McDonald's indulging indirectly in destroying the rainforests of Amazon for growing soy-based animal feed used by these chains for fattening the chicken can be considered as pushing the protection under the libertarianism. However libertarians would expect the respective governments to promulgate environmental regulations to protect the Amazon rainforests. Egalitarianism: Egalitarianism while acknowledging the claim of rights by libertarianism valid, goes a step further in extending the terms of the social contract to include certain rights which are termed as 'opportunity rights'. The assumptions under Egalitarianism claim that the rational persons would choose a social contract with terms that not only provide for libertarian protection but also would ensure that individuals are provided with a share of primary goods, where primary goods includes food, shelter, security and some discretionary income. The purpose of such share of primary goods is to provide for a decent life. When the principles of egalitarianism are considered in this case of McDonald's involving itself

Economic Integration in the Globalised World

Economic Integration in the Globalised World An Introduction to the Global Economy Abstract With a view to considering the extent to which an increasingly global economy with more effective economic integration has been achieved, it is necessary for this essay to show an appreciation of the relevance of the principles of globalisation in this regard that have served to effect the way international economic law is developing. On this basis, it is considered to be of particular interest to show and appreciation of the World Trade Organizations position in view of the fact that it has sought to both regulate and enhance international trade relations between developed and developing countries. In addition, it will also be for this essays discussion to look to show a clear understanding of the fundamental issues raised due to the ever increasing levels of international trade between countries including how they should deal with concerns pertaining to this kind of trade. Therefore, this essay will not only deal with the issues of legality and regulation that are linked with the r ecognition of the principle of globalisation with a view to producing what is considered to be a truly global economy, but also provide for an evaluation of traditional understandings of nationality and how they are being dealt with regarding the development of international economic law. Moreover, it will also be shown how international economic law has moved towards dealing with issues of international trade including the prevalence of the principle of free trade and how countries are becoming increasingly intertwined on a commercial level with a view to ensuring consistency between nations. Finally, this essay will seek to conclude with a summary of the key points derived from this discussion with a view to recognising the increasing levels of economic integration achieved in the global economy. Introduction The concept of globalisation describes how regional cultures, societies, and economies have become integrated through an international trade network. Principles in this regard are commonly driven through factors of economic, technological, sociocultural, political, and biological combined although it is also related to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture. According to the United Nations Economic Social Commission for Western Asia, globalisation is a broad term that can be defined in a varied manner. However, when the concept of globalisation is used in the context of the economy, the related principles have referred to the barriers to trade being reduced and even removed across national borders to provide for a much greater flow of goods, capital, labour and services. Nevertheless, whilst globalisation is not a new phenomenon, the process, begun at the turn of the late nineteenth century, has seen its effectiveness slowed somewhat steadily from Wor ld War I until the end of the twentieth century. This development arose from the inward-looking policies pursued by many countries to protect numerous industries before globalisation increased rapidly again as relations between countries were made more certain leading to enhanced economic growth. Main Body The process of globalisation is commonly understood to be closely linked to developments in international trade in view of all individual countries need to generate sustainable economic growth to develop and maintain a standard of living for their people derived from the effective recognition of the need for effective economic integration within the global economy. However, the World Trade Organization has only actually been managing the international trade regime as part of the global economy in more contemporary times since the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade served to precede it. The General Agreement on Tariffs Trade was implemented as policy for the regulation of international trade between member states in relation to the regulation of international trade in 1948 amid what were recognised as significant inequalities of a post-colonial nature. As a result, this understanding of the law effectively served to embrace the view that there was a clear need to look to move forwar ds from a regime that was founded upon an agreement that constituted a significant shift in relations between countries regarding matters of multilateral trade within the global economy through effective economic integration. Nevertheless, in what was a move that may serve to emphasise continuity or the minimal nature of what has transpired from agreement to organisation, the World Trade Organization now includes within its scope a Preamble similar to what was found previously within the terms of the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade with a view to then better securing the developing worlds growth as part of the global economy. On this basis, it would seem that the World Trade Organization sought to consolidate a trend that begun from the moment that the system of international trade became fixated with non-tariff issues like human rights significance that served to create added pressure for consolidation leading to the need for an overarching institution to be developed that was similar to what the European Communities looked to propose with a Multilateral Trade Organization. However, the reality is that the development of the World Trade Organization arose in the form of a regulatory organisation as a significant response to the economic interdependence GATT had contributed to through the instigation of policies of corporate capitalism despite what have been recognised as non-tariff measures inhibitions. The World Trade Organization was put into place with a view to then looking to provide for the improvement of both the administration and function of the multilateral trading system under the previous remit provided for in this regard by the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade within the global economy through more effective economic integration. This was considered to be particularly true of the position that was achieved in developing and less developed countries so as to then provide for the guarantee of full employment and ‘real economic growth in the long-term for these countries within the global economy. The reason for this is largely because the financial conditions that have come to be recognised as being particularly prevalent in developed countries have improved substantially, whilst developing countries have unfortunately been left some way behind seemingly without awareness and sufficient redress due to the failure to effectively integrate these countries within th e global economy for their benefit. The reason for this is that, according to calculations undertaken by the International Monetary Fund, economies in developing countries will soon account for almost a hundred percent of the growth in levels of output internationally. Therefore, even assuming the United States of America and European economies return to what are their long-term economic growth paths, the International Monetary Fund still expects   developing countries markets will account for at least seventy percent of economic growth in the world until at least 2016. On this basis, in an effort to improve the position of developing countries, the World Trade Organization has looked to create dispute settlement panels for resolving disputes between nations pertaining in issues of international trade. Moreover, the World Trade Organization provides for the strict surveillance of adopted panel reports implementation and also the authorisation to retaliate against those nations tha t fail to accept such rulings with a view to limiting their impact upon the ongoing development of the global economy with effective economic integration. The framework that developed under the World Trade Organization regulatory mechanism sought to provide for the assurance that rules of international trade would then serve to keep up with the ongoing varied nature of the developing world economy. In addition, it was also believed that the World Trade Organization served to put into place the Multilateral and ‘Plurilateral Trade Agreements.These developments then better provided for the resolution of disputes in international trade before they then start by looking to oversee national trade policies and co-operating with other international institutions for the purpose of enhanced economic integration within the global economy.However, the academics that are working in this field of study have looked to embrace the idea moving from a regime previously based upon the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade was a significant achievement for relations with regard to multilateral trade.Therefore, the World Trade Organization arose as an international regulatory body in response to the significant level of economic interdependence General Agreement on Tariffs Trade had successfully contributed to through achievements in relation to matters of corporate capitalism despite their having still been inhibited by many measures labelled as non-tariff like the recognition of human rights norms despite the increasingly global nature of relations between countries. The reason for this it that the use of tariffs in international trade relations was supposed to provide for a means for one countrys problems to then be exported internationally to other countries around the world.Therefore, in an effort to countenance such measures foreign producers have looked to retaliate because, for example, with regards to the United States of Americas car industry it was estimated that the damage that had been caused by the Japanese stood at around $6.2 billion.As a result, the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade and then more latterly the World Trade Organizations development was intended to limit the need to deal with such problems by providing then providing countries involved in international trade with a forum for then being able to air any and all concerns that they may have with regards to problems relating to international trade relations in the making of such policies.Such an understanding of the value of these kinds of international regulatory bodies was then only further emphasised by former US President Harry Truman in an address given at Baylor University when he said that rather than adopting measures that could be considered to be somewhat harmful to others countries would look to negotiate in relation to matters of concern with a view to fairly resolving a dispute.Then, in somewhat similar regard, the then Director of the Office of Economic Affairs in the US, one Harry Hawkins, recognised that when a country suffers to its significant detriment economically, then its people are likely to be more willing to follow anyone who may promise them a better life.On this basis, it has come to be understood that conflicts in relation to matters of international trade are likely to breed a certain level of non-cooperation, suspicion, and bitterness that will not assist the development of effective relations between nations pertaining to principles of globalisation. In spite of this understanding of the importance of trading effectively in the wake of the recognition of the importance of principles of globalisation, although the World Trade Organization is a significant international economic institution its exact nature and scope is still heavily contested. The reason for this is that, with regard to the activities of the World Trade Organization in particular, it is now somewhat unclear as to why an international organisation is needed to be able to oversee countries individual international trade policies when it has been argued that free trade should be selected as a natural response so the unilateral ‘disarmament of trade barriers should occur spontaneously.In addition, the World Trade Organization has also been placed under constant scrutiny supported by the remit of the Atlantic Charter 1941 where it was determined that countries need to endeavour with respect for their existing obligations to further all countries enjoyment of equa l access to world trade and raw materials needed for their economic prosperity. This is because it is believed such an approach will then serve to bring about collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of then being able to secure improved labour standards, economic advancement, and social security.Therefore, since it is arguable that, by resolving one issue, other matters can then also be resolved for the benefit of individual countries so it is arguable the credibility of the World Trade Organization is then closely linked to the effectiveness of its dispute settlement mechanisms.The reason for this is that the World Trade Organizations methods of resolving disputes will be useless without the proper incentives to then back them up so as to guarantee their enforcement as a high priority. On this basis, it would seem that the World Trade Organizations rules in relation to international trade that have been developed have served to underpin the multilateral trading system that countries seek to trade within so that, from 1991, a significant source of disquiet has been the recognition that the World Trade Organizations success was still largely dependent upon national governments co-operation.Nevertheless, those World Trade Organization Member States that have used the World Trade Organizations procedures have been found to be generally satisfied with the system that has been used for strengthening the credibility and predictability of the multilateral trading system to better improve all countries economic positions.However, most World Trade Organization Member States are developing countries with usually neither the financial means nor the expertise to protect their rights so that, even where they receive a favourable report, they have no effective means for enforcing its recommendations.In addition, it is also necessary for World Trade Organization Member States to respect certain principles in relation to the determining of solutions to their disputesso if one of the parties was unwilling to hold consultations this would violate their obligations in relation to forming relationships for bringing about an increase in international trade leading to greater economic growth. By way of illustration, if a party adopts a negotiating position â€Å"without contemplating any modification of it†,this would then serve to violate Articles 4.1 and 4.2 of the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Understanding.The reason for this is that they fail to account for the opinions of the other party and this would then be considered to be contrary to the overall aims of the dispute settlement procedure. With this in mind, developing countries have sought to bring about the implementation of ‘special rules to then help them with the process of dispute resolutionso as to then better account for their abilities to trade internationally.However, arguably the most significant change has arisen with regards to the introduction of the World Trade Organization in the wake of the previously instigated General Agreement on Tariffs Trade system of international trade regulation that sought to ensure decisions in relation to disputes that are not dependent upon the individual parties economic strength. Nevertheless, the expertise needed to advocate a particular claim before the World Trade Organization is still often lacking due to a fear of the large costs that are involved with seeking appropriate legal advice and the collection of technical, economic, scientific, and other data as supporting evidence for these purposes.In addition, even where such countries will willingly accept the c osts that are involved with seeking appropriate legal advice, developing countries must still look to deal with the enforcement of the decisions of dispute resolution panels. However, although retaliation may not be an effective policy in seeking to resolve issues pertaining to international trade, such a problem is nothing new and neither are the proposed solutions with damages suggested along with joint or collective retaliation as opposed to more unilateral action that could be perceived of as being somewhat negative and antagonistic ultimately in its effects. Problems have, however, arisen from out of the fact that economic powers in the more developed and industrialised world like the United States of America and the United Kingdom have proved to be somewhat unwilling to support the forms of international trade that both developing and less developed countries are forced to use in the policies that they have developed. As has already been stated as part of this essays discussion, free trade is a type of international trading policy that serves to allow international traders to carry out transactions with with one another without then also being concerned about any potential interference from national governments with a view to then deriving mutual benefits from both goods and services that are then traded in keeping with the understanding of comparative advantage. Therefore, the prices that have been recognised in this regard under a policy of free trade are determined as being part of such a policy to be able to then reflect true supply and demand principles that are the sole determinants of resource allocation.This is, however, somewhat different from other international trading policies where goods and services allocation among countries are determined on the basis of the use of more artificial prices that have been derived from protectionist trade policies because of a national governments intervention that only increases the costs involved.Principles of free trades understanding was then only further emphasised arguably by the fact national government interventions generally include tariffs and non-tariff barriers as well as inter-government managed trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement that otherwise restrict free trade principles between countries involved in international trade.This is reflective of the fact, therefore, that most countries conduct some policy of international trade that is at least to some degree protectionist in nature regarding, for example, agricultural subsidi es in particular due to the importance of farmed food. That this stance has proved to be so significant in relation to international trade is marked by the fact that the adoption of a free trade policy may actually serve to increase poverty in a given nation by all too often contravening human rights norms as they are usually understood in the much more developed and industrialised west.Nevertheless, there is still a need to show an understanding of the fact that, historically, the majority of the most prosperous civilisations ever to have existed have involved themselves in some form of free trade policy believing that this was the main reason why many of these civilizations achieved prosperity.For example, academics have recognised that increased trading between countries throughout history was fundamental for achieving economic prosperity in Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome amongst othersThe importance of free trade principles were then only further emphasised between the 19th and well into the 20th century for many industrialised stat es now,whilst it was also believed that the adoption of policies of international free trade would serve to promote peace.John Maynard Keynes for one argued that this underpinned his criticism of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 for the damage it had done to the European economy at the end of World War I.This understanding was then only further affirmed for Keynes, after a brief flirtation with protectionism in the early 1930s, when he once again looked to favour principles of free trade combined with internationally coordinated domestic economic policies to promote high levels of employment and international economic institutions. Such an approach was then only further reflected by the fact that â€Å"From 1820 to 1980, the average tariffs on manufacturers in twelve industrial countries ranged from 11 to 32%† whilst â€Å"In the developing world, average tariffs . . . are approximately 34%† to effectively repress the entry of products onto the international market from these countries.However, it has also since come to be believed that the higher tariffs that are utilised by developing countries may be justified because the productivity gap that has been recognised with developed countries is much higher than that which exists between developed countries alone.Therefore, whilst it is arguable that tariffs should serve to enhance infant industries in developing countries in particular (although also in developed countries), these tariffs need to be sufficiently great in scope to be able to then allow goods that are manufactured domestically to compete under the import substitution industrialisatio n theory where an individual nation seeks to reduce its dependence on foreign goods through the production of more goods domestically.At the same time, however, there is a need   to recognise that such a theory has proved somewhat ineffective for more developing countries. The reason for this is that it has long been recognised that export-oriented industrialisation policies correlate with higher economic growth founded upon theory and the observational study of correlations so they then suffer from a number of weaknesses including the size of sample.In addition those factors that are ingrained in socialism have frequently opposed the recognition and use of free trade policies in international trade since they have served to permit workers to then have maximum exploitation. Such a view was then only further supported by the fact that, in a lecture given to the World Trade Organization in 2007, Jagdish Bhagwati recognised that the growing use and development of new forms of innovative technology for the purposes of enhanced communication was likely to place up to 40 million jobs at risk in the US alone within a short period of just twenty years so that there is now a need for more stringent protection for displaced workers and improved systems of education. Loss of opportunities to work is not the only problem, however. This is because international free trade agreements have served to seriously undermine peoples international human right to adequate food when they should be able to seek redress for this under Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, Cultural Rights 1966 as part of an individuals right to seek a sufficient standard of living for both themselves and their family. However, whilst states parties must look to take steps appropriately to guarantee the realisation of this right to food, the implementation of such a right has proved practically somewhat flawed due to the need for the development of an alternative strategy meaning the production and distribution of food should be removed from international trade agreements because of its universal importance to all people. Such a view is then only further emphasised by the fact that academics including Thomas Pogge have recognised that millions of people could have had their lives saved had more developed countries permitted international institutions to satisfy even the most basic idea of fairness in international trade because the World Trade Organizations remit has been slanted with a view to emphasising the interests of richer countries over and above those of the developing world. By way of illustration, the World Trade Organization has permitted more developed countries to be able to maintain higher tariffs against developing countries, whilst h ypocritically requiring them to dismantle their own systems of protectionism regarding the implementation of barriers to international trade. Therefore, although Pogge may claim not to be against the recognition of the importance of inter-related principles of free trade and globalisation, Pogge has complained against the World Trade Organization because of the fact that it fails to open markets involved with international trade enough so that the benefits of free trade have proved to be somewhat limited, whilst they have also been particularly withheld from those who are impoverished living in developing countries. That such a view has arisen is largely derived from the fact that the growing global recognition of free trade principles has served to magnify the recognised complications that are involved with accountability across the corporate divide that clearly distinguishes the position in developed and developing countries. Significant efforts have, however, also been made to enhance free trade systems accountability internationally through (i) participating in international institutions governing trade; (ii) domestic litigation asserting rights against corporations operating in different countries operating abroad; and (iii) the promotion of principles of corporate social responsibility. For example, a number of major interest groups in the are of international trade including the International Labour Rights Forum have sought to implement reforms supranationally to permit greater public participation in international trade institutions like the World Trade Organization to better resolving disputes pertaining to international trade. Moreover, organisations with a more non-governmental scope in this regard have also sought to encourage the World Trade Organization to be more responsive to human rights issues as opposed to just those matters that are specifically involved with international trade through policies of greater consultation and cooperation. However, matters have not been helped by the World Trade Organizations decision to use its discretion regarding whether to accept public interest submissions meaning they are rarely reviewed in the way they should regarding human rights issues although interest groups in this area remain undaunted. The somewhat marginal nature of such efforts have, however, also served to highlight the World Trade Organizations power and insularity, whilst also bringing into sharp relief the problems with how international trade policy has been determined. Efforts that have been made in relation to international law in this area has also sought to promote corporate accountability in developing countries by extending the remit of national legislation such as that which is found in the US in the form of the Alien Tort Statute 2000. As a result, the International Labour Rights Forum has also looked to spearhead a test case of some significance that looked to attack international corporate action on the basis of allegations that the Union Oil Company of California had permitted the Burma government to perpetrate acts of forced labour, torture, and other abuses that serve to contravene international human rights recognition. Nevertheless, labour abuses that transpire that are of a more traditional n ature may not fall within the scope of the universally accepted international law violations that are required by the United States Supreme Court according to its decision in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain. This is because it was recognised by the court that there is a need for any claim that is founded upon the contemporary understanding of the law of nations to rest upon showing an appreciation of norms of international character commonly accepted by the civilised world. As a result, labour groups have looked to more obliquely consider matters related to international human recognition by looking to focus upon allegations of egregious abuse against labour activists in view of the fact that most recent International Labour Rights Forum-led cases have spotlighted the torture and murder of union organisers in Latin American-United States subsidiaries as a particular concern. Free trade is not the only area of concern, however. This is because the United States of America, for one, has traditionally looked to make it clear that it is not a supporter of ‘countertrade involving developing nations broadly considered as being founded upon the exchange in goods without the use of money and with a maximum feasible reduction of social, cultural, political, or personal transaction costs. The reason for this is then only further supported by the fact that the American government generally looks upon the concept ofcountertrade as being contrary to an open, free trading system not really in the best long-term interests of the business community domestically although, as a matter of policy, the government would not oppose domestic companies participation in countertrade arrangements unless they would negatively impact upon national security. This is a particularly important point because it has been recognised that the adoption of such a stance could serve to have more than a little to do with the perceived threat to national security that is not without its foundations. For example, in 2004, an international trade agreement was reached on a five-year co-operation programme between Turkmenistan and Russia, whereby Turkmenistan would supply Russia with unspecified amounts of natural gas in exchange for upgrading its existing Soviet-era weaponry so that the United States of Americas government has long looked to impose trading sanctions on these countries to restrict the flow of imported goods to make countertrade much more difficult. At the same time, however, there is now also a need to look to account for the ongoing effects of the world financial crisis that transpired just a few short years ago since   it is crucial any recovery from the crisis has the same global reach touching all countries and not just those with the least resources that are from developing countries. This is because the ongoing impact of the economic crisis served to affect the state of affairs in developing countries through declining private financial flows, trade, and remittances that have proved detrimental to both their economic and social prosperity. As a result, by the end of 2009, developing countries were believed to have lost incomes that total at least $750 billion between them as a reflection of current failings in relations between nations pertaining to international trade. Such figures are, however, in reality just a slight reflection of the overall problems that have been recognised in developing countries because the cos t of resolving the world financial crisis has come to $11.9 trillion. Additionally, some significant human consequences arose including increasing levels of unemployment, poverty and hunger with an additional 50 million people that are now trapped in a state of absolute poverty that it seems that they will never be able to get out of. This is because speculative nature of companies and financial institutions in the developed world had a significant detrimental impact upon economic prosperity in developing countries because a lot of the problems with financial services still being experienced in the world today are founded on the United States of Americas sub-prime mortgage financial crisis. Matters came to a head in 2007 when Paribas reported it was impossible for it to value some of the securities it had purchased since, collectively, all financial services then felt they did not know enough about the solvency of one another for lending on the inter-bank market as they looked to ce ntral banks to provide the liquidity needed to replace what was no longer available. With a view to then resolving such problems in keeping with principles that have been recognised in relation to matters of globalisation between nations, a key question that needs to be answered is that of how developing countries can look to matters of commerce and financial services for better resolving issues of concern that are derived from the effects of the current global financial crisis. In this regard, it has been recognised that far too many poor countries have been in something tantamount to a state of denial about the effects of the global economic crisis because it has been suggested that developing countries are not well positioned to gain from any efforts made at achieving a global recovery. On this basis, there is a need for a new trade package to be developed to then focus upon preventing protectionism in l Economic Integration in the Globalised World Economic Integration in the Globalised World An Introduction to the Global Economy Abstract With a view to considering the extent to which an increasingly global economy with more effective economic integration has been achieved, it is necessary for this essay to show an appreciation of the relevance of the principles of globalisation in this regard that have served to effect the way international economic law is developing. On this basis, it is considered to be of particular interest to show and appreciation of the World Trade Organizations position in view of the fact that it has sought to both regulate and enhance international trade relations between developed and developing countries. In addition, it will also be for this essays discussion to look to show a clear understanding of the fundamental issues raised due to the ever increasing levels of international trade between countries including how they should deal with concerns pertaining to this kind of trade. Therefore, this essay will not only deal with the issues of legality and regulation that are linked with the r ecognition of the principle of globalisation with a view to producing what is considered to be a truly global economy, but also provide for an evaluation of traditional understandings of nationality and how they are being dealt with regarding the development of international economic law. Moreover, it will also be shown how international economic law has moved towards dealing with issues of international trade including the prevalence of the principle of free trade and how countries are becoming increasingly intertwined on a commercial level with a view to ensuring consistency between nations. Finally, this essay will seek to conclude with a summary of the key points derived from this discussion with a view to recognising the increasing levels of economic integration achieved in the global economy. Introduction The concept of globalisation describes how regional cultures, societies, and economies have become integrated through an international trade network. Principles in this regard are commonly driven through factors of economic, technological, sociocultural, political, and biological combined although it is also related to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture. According to the United Nations Economic Social Commission for Western Asia, globalisation is a broad term that can be defined in a varied manner. However, when the concept of globalisation is used in the context of the economy, the related principles have referred to the barriers to trade being reduced and even removed across national borders to provide for a much greater flow of goods, capital, labour and services. Nevertheless, whilst globalisation is not a new phenomenon, the process, begun at the turn of the late nineteenth century, has seen its effectiveness slowed somewhat steadily from Wor ld War I until the end of the twentieth century. This development arose from the inward-looking policies pursued by many countries to protect numerous industries before globalisation increased rapidly again as relations between countries were made more certain leading to enhanced economic growth. Main Body The process of globalisation is commonly understood to be closely linked to developments in international trade in view of all individual countries need to generate sustainable economic growth to develop and maintain a standard of living for their people derived from the effective recognition of the need for effective economic integration within the global economy. However, the World Trade Organization has only actually been managing the international trade regime as part of the global economy in more contemporary times since the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade served to precede it. The General Agreement on Tariffs Trade was implemented as policy for the regulation of international trade between member states in relation to the regulation of international trade in 1948 amid what were recognised as significant inequalities of a post-colonial nature. As a result, this understanding of the law effectively served to embrace the view that there was a clear need to look to move forwar ds from a regime that was founded upon an agreement that constituted a significant shift in relations between countries regarding matters of multilateral trade within the global economy through effective economic integration. Nevertheless, in what was a move that may serve to emphasise continuity or the minimal nature of what has transpired from agreement to organisation, the World Trade Organization now includes within its scope a Preamble similar to what was found previously within the terms of the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade with a view to then better securing the developing worlds growth as part of the global economy. On this basis, it would seem that the World Trade Organization sought to consolidate a trend that begun from the moment that the system of international trade became fixated with non-tariff issues like human rights significance that served to create added pressure for consolidation leading to the need for an overarching institution to be developed that was similar to what the European Communities looked to propose with a Multilateral Trade Organization. However, the reality is that the development of the World Trade Organization arose in the form of a regulatory organisation as a significant response to the economic interdependence GATT had contributed to through the instigation of policies of corporate capitalism despite what have been recognised as non-tariff measures inhibitions. The World Trade Organization was put into place with a view to then looking to provide for the improvement of both the administration and function of the multilateral trading system under the previous remit provided for in this regard by the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade within the global economy through more effective economic integration. This was considered to be particularly true of the position that was achieved in developing and less developed countries so as to then provide for the guarantee of full employment and ‘real economic growth in the long-term for these countries within the global economy. The reason for this is largely because the financial conditions that have come to be recognised as being particularly prevalent in developed countries have improved substantially, whilst developing countries have unfortunately been left some way behind seemingly without awareness and sufficient redress due to the failure to effectively integrate these countries within th e global economy for their benefit. The reason for this is that, according to calculations undertaken by the International Monetary Fund, economies in developing countries will soon account for almost a hundred percent of the growth in levels of output internationally. Therefore, even assuming the United States of America and European economies return to what are their long-term economic growth paths, the International Monetary Fund still expects   developing countries markets will account for at least seventy percent of economic growth in the world until at least 2016. On this basis, in an effort to improve the position of developing countries, the World Trade Organization has looked to create dispute settlement panels for resolving disputes between nations pertaining in issues of international trade. Moreover, the World Trade Organization provides for the strict surveillance of adopted panel reports implementation and also the authorisation to retaliate against those nations tha t fail to accept such rulings with a view to limiting their impact upon the ongoing development of the global economy with effective economic integration. The framework that developed under the World Trade Organization regulatory mechanism sought to provide for the assurance that rules of international trade would then serve to keep up with the ongoing varied nature of the developing world economy. In addition, it was also believed that the World Trade Organization served to put into place the Multilateral and ‘Plurilateral Trade Agreements.These developments then better provided for the resolution of disputes in international trade before they then start by looking to oversee national trade policies and co-operating with other international institutions for the purpose of enhanced economic integration within the global economy.However, the academics that are working in this field of study have looked to embrace the idea moving from a regime previously based upon the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade was a significant achievement for relations with regard to multilateral trade.Therefore, the World Trade Organization arose as an international regulatory body in response to the significant level of economic interdependence General Agreement on Tariffs Trade had successfully contributed to through achievements in relation to matters of corporate capitalism despite their having still been inhibited by many measures labelled as non-tariff like the recognition of human rights norms despite the increasingly global nature of relations between countries. The reason for this it that the use of tariffs in international trade relations was supposed to provide for a means for one countrys problems to then be exported internationally to other countries around the world.Therefore, in an effort to countenance such measures foreign producers have looked to retaliate because, for example, with regards to the United States of Americas car industry it was estimated that the damage that had been caused by the Japanese stood at around $6.2 billion.As a result, the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade and then more latterly the World Trade Organizations development was intended to limit the need to deal with such problems by providing then providing countries involved in international trade with a forum for then being able to air any and all concerns that they may have with regards to problems relating to international trade relations in the making of such policies.Such an understanding of the value of these kinds of international regulatory bodies was then only further emphasised by former US President Harry Truman in an address given at Baylor University when he said that rather than adopting measures that could be considered to be somewhat harmful to others countries would look to negotiate in relation to matters of concern with a view to fairly resolving a dispute.Then, in somewhat similar regard, the then Director of the Office of Economic Affairs in the US, one Harry Hawkins, recognised that when a country suffers to its significant detriment economically, then its people are likely to be more willing to follow anyone who may promise them a better life.On this basis, it has come to be understood that conflicts in relation to matters of international trade are likely to breed a certain level of non-cooperation, suspicion, and bitterness that will not assist the development of effective relations between nations pertaining to principles of globalisation. In spite of this understanding of the importance of trading effectively in the wake of the recognition of the importance of principles of globalisation, although the World Trade Organization is a significant international economic institution its exact nature and scope is still heavily contested. The reason for this is that, with regard to the activities of the World Trade Organization in particular, it is now somewhat unclear as to why an international organisation is needed to be able to oversee countries individual international trade policies when it has been argued that free trade should be selected as a natural response so the unilateral ‘disarmament of trade barriers should occur spontaneously.In addition, the World Trade Organization has also been placed under constant scrutiny supported by the remit of the Atlantic Charter 1941 where it was determined that countries need to endeavour with respect for their existing obligations to further all countries enjoyment of equa l access to world trade and raw materials needed for their economic prosperity. This is because it is believed such an approach will then serve to bring about collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of then being able to secure improved labour standards, economic advancement, and social security.Therefore, since it is arguable that, by resolving one issue, other matters can then also be resolved for the benefit of individual countries so it is arguable the credibility of the World Trade Organization is then closely linked to the effectiveness of its dispute settlement mechanisms.The reason for this is that the World Trade Organizations methods of resolving disputes will be useless without the proper incentives to then back them up so as to guarantee their enforcement as a high priority. On this basis, it would seem that the World Trade Organizations rules in relation to international trade that have been developed have served to underpin the multilateral trading system that countries seek to trade within so that, from 1991, a significant source of disquiet has been the recognition that the World Trade Organizations success was still largely dependent upon national governments co-operation.Nevertheless, those World Trade Organization Member States that have used the World Trade Organizations procedures have been found to be generally satisfied with the system that has been used for strengthening the credibility and predictability of the multilateral trading system to better improve all countries economic positions.However, most World Trade Organization Member States are developing countries with usually neither the financial means nor the expertise to protect their rights so that, even where they receive a favourable report, they have no effective means for enforcing its recommendations.In addition, it is also necessary for World Trade Organization Member States to respect certain principles in relation to the determining of solutions to their disputesso if one of the parties was unwilling to hold consultations this would violate their obligations in relation to forming relationships for bringing about an increase in international trade leading to greater economic growth. By way of illustration, if a party adopts a negotiating position â€Å"without contemplating any modification of it†,this would then serve to violate Articles 4.1 and 4.2 of the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Understanding.The reason for this is that they fail to account for the opinions of the other party and this would then be considered to be contrary to the overall aims of the dispute settlement procedure. With this in mind, developing countries have sought to bring about the implementation of ‘special rules to then help them with the process of dispute resolutionso as to then better account for their abilities to trade internationally.However, arguably the most significant change has arisen with regards to the introduction of the World Trade Organization in the wake of the previously instigated General Agreement on Tariffs Trade system of international trade regulation that sought to ensure decisions in relation to disputes that are not dependent upon the individual parties economic strength. Nevertheless, the expertise needed to advocate a particular claim before the World Trade Organization is still often lacking due to a fear of the large costs that are involved with seeking appropriate legal advice and the collection of technical, economic, scientific, and other data as supporting evidence for these purposes.In addition, even where such countries will willingly accept the c osts that are involved with seeking appropriate legal advice, developing countries must still look to deal with the enforcement of the decisions of dispute resolution panels. However, although retaliation may not be an effective policy in seeking to resolve issues pertaining to international trade, such a problem is nothing new and neither are the proposed solutions with damages suggested along with joint or collective retaliation as opposed to more unilateral action that could be perceived of as being somewhat negative and antagonistic ultimately in its effects. Problems have, however, arisen from out of the fact that economic powers in the more developed and industrialised world like the United States of America and the United Kingdom have proved to be somewhat unwilling to support the forms of international trade that both developing and less developed countries are forced to use in the policies that they have developed. As has already been stated as part of this essays discussion, free trade is a type of international trading policy that serves to allow international traders to carry out transactions with with one another without then also being concerned about any potential interference from national governments with a view to then deriving mutual benefits from both goods and services that are then traded in keeping with the understanding of comparative advantage. Therefore, the prices that have been recognised in this regard under a policy of free trade are determined as being part of such a policy to be able to then reflect true supply and demand principles that are the sole determinants of resource allocation.This is, however, somewhat different from other international trading policies where goods and services allocation among countries are determined on the basis of the use of more artificial prices that have been derived from protectionist trade policies because of a national governments intervention that only increases the costs involved.Principles of free trades understanding was then only further emphasised arguably by the fact national government interventions generally include tariffs and non-tariff barriers as well as inter-government managed trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement that otherwise restrict free trade principles between countries involved in international trade.This is reflective of the fact, therefore, that most countries conduct some policy of international trade that is at least to some degree protectionist in nature regarding, for example, agricultural subsidi es in particular due to the importance of farmed food. That this stance has proved to be so significant in relation to international trade is marked by the fact that the adoption of a free trade policy may actually serve to increase poverty in a given nation by all too often contravening human rights norms as they are usually understood in the much more developed and industrialised west.Nevertheless, there is still a need to show an understanding of the fact that, historically, the majority of the most prosperous civilisations ever to have existed have involved themselves in some form of free trade policy believing that this was the main reason why many of these civilizations achieved prosperity.For example, academics have recognised that increased trading between countries throughout history was fundamental for achieving economic prosperity in Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome amongst othersThe importance of free trade principles were then only further emphasised between the 19th and well into the 20th century for many industrialised stat es now,whilst it was also believed that the adoption of policies of international free trade would serve to promote peace.John Maynard Keynes for one argued that this underpinned his criticism of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 for the damage it had done to the European economy at the end of World War I.This understanding was then only further affirmed for Keynes, after a brief flirtation with protectionism in the early 1930s, when he once again looked to favour principles of free trade combined with internationally coordinated domestic economic policies to promote high levels of employment and international economic institutions. Such an approach was then only further reflected by the fact that â€Å"From 1820 to 1980, the average tariffs on manufacturers in twelve industrial countries ranged from 11 to 32%† whilst â€Å"In the developing world, average tariffs . . . are approximately 34%† to effectively repress the entry of products onto the international market from these countries.However, it has also since come to be believed that the higher tariffs that are utilised by developing countries may be justified because the productivity gap that has been recognised with developed countries is much higher than that which exists between developed countries alone.Therefore, whilst it is arguable that tariffs should serve to enhance infant industries in developing countries in particular (although also in developed countries), these tariffs need to be sufficiently great in scope to be able to then allow goods that are manufactured domestically to compete under the import substitution industrialisatio n theory where an individual nation seeks to reduce its dependence on foreign goods through the production of more goods domestically.At the same time, however, there is a need   to recognise that such a theory has proved somewhat ineffective for more developing countries. The reason for this is that it has long been recognised that export-oriented industrialisation policies correlate with higher economic growth founded upon theory and the observational study of correlations so they then suffer from a number of weaknesses including the size of sample.In addition those factors that are ingrained in socialism have frequently opposed the recognition and use of free trade policies in international trade since they have served to permit workers to then have maximum exploitation. Such a view was then only further supported by the fact that, in a lecture given to the World Trade Organization in 2007, Jagdish Bhagwati recognised that the growing use and development of new forms of innovative technology for the purposes of enhanced communication was likely to place up to 40 million jobs at risk in the US alone within a short period of just twenty years so that there is now a need for more stringent protection for displaced workers and improved systems of education. Loss of opportunities to work is not the only problem, however. This is because international free trade agreements have served to seriously undermine peoples international human right to adequate food when they should be able to seek redress for this under Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, Cultural Rights 1966 as part of an individuals right to seek a sufficient standard of living for both themselves and their family. However, whilst states parties must look to take steps appropriately to guarantee the realisation of this right to food, the implementation of such a right has proved practically somewhat flawed due to the need for the development of an alternative strategy meaning the production and distribution of food should be removed from international trade agreements because of its universal importance to all people. Such a view is then only further emphasised by the fact that academics including Thomas Pogge have recognised that millions of people could have had their lives saved had more developed countries permitted international institutions to satisfy even the most basic idea of fairness in international trade because the World Trade Organizations remit has been slanted with a view to emphasising the interests of richer countries over and above those of the developing world. By way of illustration, the World Trade Organization has permitted more developed countries to be able to maintain higher tariffs against developing countries, whilst h ypocritically requiring them to dismantle their own systems of protectionism regarding the implementation of barriers to international trade. Therefore, although Pogge may claim not to be against the recognition of the importance of inter-related principles of free trade and globalisation, Pogge has complained against the World Trade Organization because of the fact that it fails to open markets involved with international trade enough so that the benefits of free trade have proved to be somewhat limited, whilst they have also been particularly withheld from those who are impoverished living in developing countries. That such a view has arisen is largely derived from the fact that the growing global recognition of free trade principles has served to magnify the recognised complications that are involved with accountability across the corporate divide that clearly distinguishes the position in developed and developing countries. Significant efforts have, however, also been made to enhance free trade systems accountability internationally through (i) participating in international institutions governing trade; (ii) domestic litigation asserting rights against corporations operating in different countries operating abroad; and (iii) the promotion of principles of corporate social responsibility. For example, a number of major interest groups in the are of international trade including the International Labour Rights Forum have sought to implement reforms supranationally to permit greater public participation in international trade institutions like the World Trade Organization to better resolving disputes pertaining to international trade. Moreover, organisations with a more non-governmental scope in this regard have also sought to encourage the World Trade Organization to be more responsive to human rights issues as opposed to just those matters that are specifically involved with international trade through policies of greater consultation and cooperation. However, matters have not been helped by the World Trade Organizations decision to use its discretion regarding whether to accept public interest submissions meaning they are rarely reviewed in the way they should regarding human rights issues although interest groups in this area remain undaunted. The somewhat marginal nature of such efforts have, however, also served to highlight the World Trade Organizations power and insularity, whilst also bringing into sharp relief the problems with how international trade policy has been determined. Efforts that have been made in relation to international law in this area has also sought to promote corporate accountability in developing countries by extending the remit of national legislation such as that which is found in the US in the form of the Alien Tort Statute 2000. As a result, the International Labour Rights Forum has also looked to spearhead a test case of some significance that looked to attack international corporate action on the basis of allegations that the Union Oil Company of California had permitted the Burma government to perpetrate acts of forced labour, torture, and other abuses that serve to contravene international human rights recognition. Nevertheless, labour abuses that transpire that are of a more traditional n ature may not fall within the scope of the universally accepted international law violations that are required by the United States Supreme Court according to its decision in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain. This is because it was recognised by the court that there is a need for any claim that is founded upon the contemporary understanding of the law of nations to rest upon showing an appreciation of norms of international character commonly accepted by the civilised world. As a result, labour groups have looked to more obliquely consider matters related to international human recognition by looking to focus upon allegations of egregious abuse against labour activists in view of the fact that most recent International Labour Rights Forum-led cases have spotlighted the torture and murder of union organisers in Latin American-United States subsidiaries as a particular concern. Free trade is not the only area of concern, however. This is because the United States of America, for one, has traditionally looked to make it clear that it is not a supporter of ‘countertrade involving developing nations broadly considered as being founded upon the exchange in goods without the use of money and with a maximum feasible reduction of social, cultural, political, or personal transaction costs. The reason for this is then only further supported by the fact that the American government generally looks upon the concept ofcountertrade as being contrary to an open, free trading system not really in the best long-term interests of the business community domestically although, as a matter of policy, the government would not oppose domestic companies participation in countertrade arrangements unless they would negatively impact upon national security. This is a particularly important point because it has been recognised that the adoption of such a stance could serve to have more than a little to do with the perceived threat to national security that is not without its foundations. For example, in 2004, an international trade agreement was reached on a five-year co-operation programme between Turkmenistan and Russia, whereby Turkmenistan would supply Russia with unspecified amounts of natural gas in exchange for upgrading its existing Soviet-era weaponry so that the United States of Americas government has long looked to impose trading sanctions on these countries to restrict the flow of imported goods to make countertrade much more difficult. At the same time, however, there is now also a need to look to account for the ongoing effects of the world financial crisis that transpired just a few short years ago since   it is crucial any recovery from the crisis has the same global reach touching all countries and not just those with the least resources that are from developing countries. This is because the ongoing impact of the economic crisis served to affect the state of affairs in developing countries through declining private financial flows, trade, and remittances that have proved detrimental to both their economic and social prosperity. As a result, by the end of 2009, developing countries were believed to have lost incomes that total at least $750 billion between them as a reflection of current failings in relations between nations pertaining to international trade. Such figures are, however, in reality just a slight reflection of the overall problems that have been recognised in developing countries because the cos t of resolving the world financial crisis has come to $11.9 trillion. Additionally, some significant human consequences arose including increasing levels of unemployment, poverty and hunger with an additional 50 million people that are now trapped in a state of absolute poverty that it seems that they will never be able to get out of. This is because speculative nature of companies and financial institutions in the developed world had a significant detrimental impact upon economic prosperity in developing countries because a lot of the problems with financial services still being experienced in the world today are founded on the United States of Americas sub-prime mortgage financial crisis. Matters came to a head in 2007 when Paribas reported it was impossible for it to value some of the securities it had purchased since, collectively, all financial services then felt they did not know enough about the solvency of one another for lending on the inter-bank market as they looked to ce ntral banks to provide the liquidity needed to replace what was no longer available. With a view to then resolving such problems in keeping with principles that have been recognised in relation to matters of globalisation between nations, a key question that needs to be answered is that of how developing countries can look to matters of commerce and financial services for better resolving issues of concern that are derived from the effects of the current global financial crisis. In this regard, it has been recognised that far too many poor countries have been in something tantamount to a state of denial about the effects of the global economic crisis because it has been suggested that developing countries are not well positioned to gain from any efforts made at achieving a global recovery. On this basis, there is a need for a new trade package to be developed to then focus upon preventing protectionism in l